Judicial Reforms in Marwar in nineteenth century were the need of time. These reforms were executed at every level in administration of Marwar.
The traditional Judicial system in Marwar was based on Rajput Administrative traditions, Local Customs, Nyati Panchayats (caste based institutions), Mahajan Panchayats, Maqbula Panchayat (voluntarily accepted), Sultani Panchayat (forcibly imposed) and Gadi-ri-Aan (Oath) Aaiji-ri-Aan (Devi ki shapath), Vankal Pivni, Gangajali, Kalpasutra and Trial by Ordeal (Satya pariksa) etc.[1]
Traditional Judicial system prevailed in Marwar for centuries but in consequence of Maratha invasions and internal disorders even this rough and ready system disintegrated and the judgment seat became vacant.[2] So the Judicial Reforms In Marwar were required from eighteenth century.
In the reign of Maharaja Man Singh (1804-1843 A.D.), ordinary cases at the capital were tried by a bench of four judges, who having reported the issue to the Maharaja and acted accordingly to the instructions they received. For serious cases four other persons, viz., the Dewan, the Vakeel, the Bakshi and one more official were associated with them. Cases in towns were decided by the Kotwal, and the Mushrif and in the Pargan as by the Hakim and the Karkun. The procedure in all these courts was very primitive and arbitrary powers were exercised in settling cases.[3]
In 1818 A.D., Maharaja Man Singh entered into a treat of subordination with East India Company. After this treaty, the Administrative reforms as well as the Judicial Reforms in Marwar became the necessity of time but Man Singh couldn’t visualize this need. So nothing was done at his level.
The appointment of a British Political Agent in 1839 led to the establishment of an original Civil and Criminal Court at Jodhpur in that year and a Court of appeal four years thereafter.[4]
The same year the Adalat Kshatdarshan was established. It heard cases in which Charans, Brahmans and Purohits were involved.[5] A few years later a set of rules and regulations was passed. One of its clauses enjoined the levying in cash, ascourt fee, four Annas per rupee on the amount recovered by the creditor.[6]
A beginning was thus made in right direction, but for many years there was hardly any serious administration of justice for various reasons. Courts were inefficient and inattentive. The proceedings of a case were neither fully recorded nor were files and registers kept. The arm of law would not reach an offender, even when crime was proved against him, if he belonged to a privileged class or sought Surna (shelter) in some temple or the village or city mansion of one of the great nobles.
Capital punishments were rarely awarded. Jagirdars were turbulent. The state of affairs in Jagirare as was thus even worse. On the one hand they did very little themselves and were invariably unjust and on the other hand they resented any interference on the part of the Durbar. During such misrule the principle of might being right determined the issue.[7]
Maharaja Jaswant Singh soon after his accession sought to remove these forces of internal disorder by the revival of old courts, creation of new ones and introduction of statutory laws.[8]
The Diwani and the Foujdari Adalat, which had become defunct during the anarchy of the earlier period, were reorganized. The Sadar Diwani Adalat heard all cases, in which the amount claimed exceeded Rs. 300/-, and disposed of appeals from the Subordinate Civil Court which was founded in 1874 to adjudicate in cases involving an amount less than Rs. 300.
The Sadar Foujdari (Chief Criminal Court) disposed of criminal cases of allsorts but where murder and other crimes of a heinous nature had been committed, it merely made the investigations and submitted the file for the orders of the Maharaja. This Court also heard appeals from the Subordinate Criminal Court, which tried petty criminal cases and had power to pass a sentence of three months imprisonment. The Appellate Court, which had been set up in 1843, did not exist assuch so long. The appeals from the Civil and Criminal Courts began to be heard by the Maharaja himself in person from April 17, 1873 corresponding with Vaisakh Vadi 5, 1930.[9]
Besides these tribunals there were three more tribunals at the capital, (1) The Mehkma Musahibut (2) The Khas Mehkma (3) Adalat Mukadmat. The Mehkma Musahibut set up in May, 1874 took cognizance of And after enquiry submitted to the Maharaja, all petitions intended for him. The Khas Mehkma alternately known as Special Tribunal dealt with revenue and allother cases against Durbar officials particularly Hakims who were in charge of Pargana Courts.
Formerly the Hakim had unlimited judicial powers. In 1874 his criminal jurisdiction was transferred to the Sadar Faujdari Adalat and the Civil Jurisdiction restricted to Rs. 1,000/-. The Court called adalat Mukadm at was empowered to recover the amount of awards declared against the Durbar subjects by the Marwar Court of Vakeels in interstitial cases of robbery.[10]
A few rules were also issued in 1874 for the guidance of lower courts. The old rate of Court Fees was revised to one, two, three and four Annas per rupee on the amount recovered in execution of a decree according as the original suit was brought within five, ten, fifteen or thirty years respectively from the date of the bond or that of the last payment. A year later this rule was amended by reducing the period of limitation to twenty years.[11]
Apparently these Durbar Courts indicated progress, but the scheme did not make much headway. Competent persons were few and far between. Work was heavily in arrears. Sardars were unruly. The removal of the Agency from Jodhpur to Erinpura, rendered them turbulent and defiant. In fine, chaos and confusion prevailed.
As soon as Col. Powlett became Political Agent and the Western Rajputana States Agency was shifted back from Erinpura to Jodhpur, successful attempts were made by the Maharaja, to reform the existing Courts and create new ones.[12]
Munshi Mukhdumbaksh from Alwar was appointed Foujdar or Magistrate in charge of Sadar Foujdari Adalat with effect from April 16, 1882. He found 3746 cases pending and 1893 were brought on the file during the year. 2774 of the old ones and 850 new were settled.
His work was inspected by Col. Powlett with the help of Mr. Hewson, Assistant Resident and it was very certainly an improvement on what usually passed current in Marwar.[13] many beneficial reforms were introduced into the working system of the criminal courts. The pernicious system of Surna was completely wiped out.[14]
Improvement was also made in the mode of keeping records. The Civil Judge was assisted in his work by a Committee of ten persons, but there were factional intrigues and counter-intrigues. So it was done away with.[15]
Maharaja Jaswant Singh had entrusted the charge of the Appellate Court to Maharaj Pratap Singh, the Musahibala in February, 1879. The Mehakma Musahibut (Council) was henceforth a Court of appeal. Because of its other duties a great delay was caused in the settlement of cases. So an independent Court of Appeal was established and Kaviraj Muraridan was Appointed its Judge from April 6, 1882.[16]
These tribunals could not comm and the obedience of the Jagirdars. On grounds of dignity they refused to appear in them along with the common people. To solve the problem the Court of Sardars was established on July 13. 1882.[17]
It was vested with both original and appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases in which Rajput Jagirdars were concerned. It was presided over by a state official who acted with seven Sardars. They failed to work in harmony and retired for good after thirteen months. The Court thus failed.[18]
It was now decided to have the services of an officer from British territory. In September, 1883, Lala Hardial Singh, who was Extra Assistant Commissioner in the Punjab, was appointed Superintendent of this Court. He had the will and ability to introduce regularity and efficiency into the administration. in a year he proved himself the best native official, who ever had authority in Marwar, and was , therefore, in addition to his duties appointed Secretary to the Musahib Ala from 23rd March, 1884.[19]
Henceforth he was assisted in his court work by Jiwan and Upadhyay, who was formerly Manager of Mandi State. He was authorised to try suits not exceeding Rs. 2,000/- in value as well as miscellaneous cases. The Superintendent took up allcases beyond his powers, but in the trial of land or Adoption suits in which a Tazimi Sardar was a party he worked in conjunction with a Thakur, nominated by the Mehakma Khas as a Joint Judge of the Court.[20]
In the meanwhile by an order of the Mehkama Khas dated February 1883 corresponding with Falgun vadi 1/3. 1939, the jurisdiction of the Civil, Criminal and other Courts was defined.[21]
The Civil Court (Sadar Diwani Adalat) with its headquarters at Jodhpur was empowered to entertain appeals against the findings of the Hakims and the Kotwal, Jodhpur, and try original suits not exceeding Rs. 5,000/- (or by the order of the appellate Corrt Rs. 10,000/-) in value with the exception of those, in which either a Rajput Jagirdar was concerned or a question of adoption was at issue. It had an insolvency side for all except Rajput Jagirdars and every person unable to pay the Court fees had to be certified as a pauper by this tribunal.
The Criminal Court (Sadar Faujdar Adalat) presided over by a Magistrate had both appellate and original powers. It was empowered to hear appeals from the decisions of the Hakims and the Kotwal, Jodhpur. On the original side, he could punish with fine up to Rs. 1,000/- and imprison- ment not exceeding two years and with the permission of the Appellate Court up to five years. In appeals, its orders of imprisonment up to three months and fine of Rs. 100/- were usually final.
The Appellate Court (Adalat Appeal) heard appeals from the decisions of the civil and criminal courts, tried original suits exceeding Rs. 5,000/- in value and all adoption cases in which a Rajput Jagirdar was not concerned and could pass a sentence of imprisonment of ten years and fine of Rs. 5,000/-. Its orders confirming the decrees of the lower courts in civil cases, and its sentences not exceeding one year’s imprisonment and Rs. 500/- fine in criminal cases were usually not appealable.
The Paragana Hakims were vested with both civil and criminal powers. On the civil side they were empowered to try within their respective Paragan as suits not exceeding Rs 500/- in value. On the criminal side they could punish with imprisonment up to one month and fine up to Rs. 50/-. The following year the powers of the Hakims on the criminal side were doubled. The Kotwal, Jodhpur could entertain suits up to Rs. 1,000/- in value and with the permission of the Sadar Diwani Adalat up to Rs. 2,000/-. He could inflict punishment of six months imprisonment and Rs. 200/- fine. 260 fine.
As a result of the reforms of 1874 the Court Fee was charged, according to a sliding scale graduated on the basis of the time taken in presenting the suit.[22]
This system was unreasonable, inequit able and unduly exorbitant for a litigant who filed the suit after a longer space of time. It could easily be misused by the parties acting in collusion with each other to deprive the Durbar of their legitimate revenues by coming to an understanding at the fag end of the case. As the fee was to be paid after the passing of the decree, vexatious litigations cropped up and innocent defendants were harassed.
The plaintiff had little to stake. With a view to getting rid of these evils, a reform in the law of Court Fees was introduced in July, 1884, the main change being imposition of Court Fees, at the rate of an Anna in a rupee to be paid at the time of the presentation of the petition.[23] The system of summonses instead of costly Talabs was also introduced.[24]
An insolvency side was added to the Court of Sardars in 1884 for the relief and protection of encumbered Jagirdars. On receipt of an application for relief from such a Jagirdar, a thorough investigation was made, his income was ascertained, a portion sufficient for his maintenance and Durbar dues was set apart and the balance was assigned to the creditors who were paid in installments. The Insolvency Branch worked well. It proved to be of advantage both to the Jagirdar and his creditor. The former was easily freed from his liabilities and the latter received their dues without difficulty. [25]
The arrears in the Civil Court had not yet been cleared. In the meanwhile the period of limitation was reduced from 10 to 12 years. In result an additional large crop of suits sprang up. Two subordinate Civil Courts were called into being in 1884 and 1886. They existed till 1899.[26]
To supervise the working of previously existing Hakim at Courts and to dispose of on the spot petty cases beyond the jurisdiction of the Hakims, Courts of circle Superintendents were created.[27]
But Judicial Reforms were futile as long as the Jagirdars, who were far more independent of their chiefs than the latter were of the British Government, exercised unlimited powers of civil and criminal jurisdiction over the people in their estates.[28]
Though such authority had never been conceded openly to them by the ruling power, the degree of restriction actually imposed upon them depended on the ability and willingness of the ruling chief to intervene. It was in most cases wanting. Consequently every jagir became a state within state where negation of justice was common and persons were unjustly confined and put to torture.[29]
Such cases were not a new feature, but Marwari traders brought home notions of justice from British India and indisposed the people to submit quietly to such gross abuse of power. In these circumstances Col. Powlett, soon after his arrival in Jodhpur came to the conclusion that some limits must be imposed upon the judicial powers of the Jagirdars.[30] It was a very delicate task.
The nobles clung to the old order and deprecated the introduction of control over them. In Jaipur the measures adopted in 1882 to compel Shekhawat Sardars to submit for inspection diaries and files of criminal cases decided by them proved ill-considered. The following year, the nobles of Bikaner, who among other things wanted to acquire judicial and revenue powers, revolted against their chief. [31]
Yet Col. Powlett took up the question with fact and determination. He assembled the principal Jagirdars and explained to them the Durbar’s scheme, the salient features of which were – (i) Gradation of 13 powers; (ii) Detection of its ‘abuse; (iii) Free scope for appeal; (iv) Training of Court officials; and (v) holding of open courts.[32]
The Jagirdars opposed this plan strongly on the ground that they could not be deprived of their power as long as they held their estates, it being inherent in them. Feelings were so excited that the failure of the scheme looked imminent. Col. Powlett exercised great discretion. In a conciliatory spirit he modified the draft orders without yielding any important point and the measure was unanimously agreed to.[33]
During the Judicial Reforms in Marwar in nineteenth century the Jagirdars’ Courts were divided into three grades, namely:-
(a) Those authorized to try civil suits not exceeding Rs. 1,000/-in value and on the criminal side to pass a sentence of six months’ imprisonment.
(b) Those possessing exactly half of these powers.
(c) Those which could take up civil suits of a value not exceeding Rs. 300/- and punish with one month’s imprisonment and fine up to Rs. 100/-in criminal cases.
Initially 18 Jagirdars were placed in the first grade, 19 in the second and 13 in the third. The number of tribunals together with the powers exercised by each of them was li able to change.
Rules prevalent in Durbar Courts would be observed and all the Jagirdards invested with judicial powers would keep as assistant persons trained in simple rules of procedure in Sardar’s Court. On the criminal side the Jagirdar Courts could try all cases except those of dakaiti, murder, suicide and accidental deaths to be tried by Durbar Courts.
They had to submit after investigation the latter all such cases as required punishment exceeding their power. appeals were to be made within two months to the Sardars’ Court which was presided over by Lala Hardial Singh. After his departure they would be to the Mehakma Khas. It was particularly desired by the Jagirdars.
In the event of any Jagirdars exercising tyranny or disobeying Durbar regulations, the Durbar would issue further suit able orders. as a measure of expediency punishments for such offences were not defined.[34]
Thus were the principal powers of Jagirdars defined and regulated. It was indeed a great step in the Advancement of good Administration.[35]
Judicial Reforms In Marwar were accompanied by a systematic work of legislation which resulted in an approximation of the entire judicial machinery to the regular Anglo-Indian model. The state had no written law. The judges in matters both of right and procedure generally professed to follow the rules of customary laws and usage of the country, but they followed usually the dictates of their own fancy and will.
It obviously resulted in dissatisfaction and a great need was felt for rules and regulations which were issued from time to time by the Mehkma Khas for the guidance of subordinate courts. But they were both scanty and scattered, and caused delays, inconveniences and procedural irregularities. To remove them, in 1886 was brought forward the Marwar Civil Procedure Code and in 1887, the Marwar Criminal Procedure Code.
Lala Hardial Singh played a vital role in Judicial Reforms In Marwar. He prepared a draft of rules relating to the jurisdiction and procedure for the disposal of suits. After a very careful and close examination by a special council consisting of seven top officials of the State and it was sanctioned by the Maharaja.
The new Code of Judicial Reforms In Marwar was based in the main on the principles underlying the laws relating to those subjects in force in British India, but it was simpler and more elastic and quite in keeping with the requirements of the people, and the ancient practice of the territories. Clauses, as were found unnecessary in Marwar, were omitted. By way of additions there were sections bearing on the disposal of suits by means of oath Administered according to the agreement of the parties. In such cases the decisions could not be appealable.
The other differences were –
(i) Monetary suits were to be instituted in the court within whose jurisdiction the plaintiff and not the defendant resided. (ii) The subordinate courts could not order the sale of immovable property of a defendant in satisfaction of money decree against him except with the previous sanction of the Mehkhma Khas. From the beginning of the same year the Limitation, Evidence and Stamp acts came into force. They were not as elaborate as their prototype.[36]
The following year the Secretary to the Musahib Ala prepared a draft Criminal Procedure Code. It was placed before another special Committee of five members. after being discussed clause by clause and suitably modified here and there it met with the assent of the Maharaja and came into force from March 9, 1887.[37]
It was based upon Act X of 1882, but there were important points of difference. The Marwar Code contained no provisions for trial by jury or with the aid of assessors. empowered the Criminal Courts to pass a decree for the value of property stolen or robbed, against the Jagirdar, within whose territory the offence was committed or the tracks of the accused were proved to terminate. It prescribed a period of limitation of three and six months for the lodging of complaints relating to the commission of petty and serious offences respectively.”[38]
Even after these Judicial Reforms in Marwar, Mekhma Musahibat known as Mehkma Khas since 1881, was as before the highest judicial tribunal which exercised full powers of appeals, revision and control over all the subordinate courts. A few steps were, therefore, taken to improve the working. The records of the past ten years which lay in a very disorderly state, was systematically arranged.
Boxes were placed for petitions. A register of complaint was introduced. Every petition and every complaint was heard and looked into. For every branch of cases separate office was kept in order to promote regularity in work. Appeals against the decisions of the subordinate court were regularly heard. No point was settled verbally. Written orders were passed on the file. Decisions forming precedents were henceforth published in the Marwar Gazette for reference.[39]
Thus in the process of Judicial Reforms in Marwar, the Courts were remodeled, their functions defined and their powers regulated. Anomalies were removed. The judicial machinery began working harmoniously and presented a striking contrast to what it was a few years ago.[40]
REFERENCES
[1] (i) James Tod, Annals & Antiquities of Rajasthan (AAR), Vol. II (1894), pp. 132-133; (ii) Marwar Precis, Capt. Ludlow’s letter to the A.G.G. p. 112; (iii) K.D. Erskine, Rajputana Gazetteers Vol, IIIA p. 132; (iv) Administration Report of Jodhpur State 1904-05, p. 4; (v) Oral evidence of Mehta Ranjeetmal, Judge, Marwar Chief Court and Rajasthan High Court (1925-50).
[2] (i) James Tod, AAR Vol. II pp. 132-133. “The administration of Justice is…now very lax…Since the death of Maharaja Bijai Singh the Judgment Se at has been Vacant” Tod while describing the Marwar of his time; (ii) R.G. Erskine Vol. III-A p. 132; (iii) ARJ, 1907-08 p. 18.
[3] Marwar Precis Capt. Ludlow’s letter to the A.G.G. p. 112. The four Judges at the capital were Changani Sholal, Bhandaree Oodee Chand, Bhandaree Goyandass and Pancholi Heerachand; Four other persons associated for serious cases were Indurmull (Dewan), Foujraj Bukshee, Ridhmull Uakeel and Gambhirmull; (ii) K.D. Erskine, R.G. Vol. III-A, p. 133.
[4] (i) Marwar Precis, pp. 80, 81 & 102-105; (ii) Mushi Hardialsingh, Mujmahi Halat va Intvam Raj Marwar, pp. 665, & 687-88; The Civil and Criminal Court were originally housed at Soorsagar where the Political Agent resided.
[5] H.S. Munshi, MH1RM p. 665.
[6] Ibid. p. 666.
[7] (i) Report on the Political Administration of Rajputana States for 1867-68 para. 16, & 1975-76 para. 17; (ii) Rajputana Agency Office Historical Record 257 file No. 81 Jodhpur Vol. vii 1868-69; (iii) Administrative Report of Jodhpur State. 1907-08, p. 18; K.D. Erskine, RG Vol-A p. 133.
[8] K.D. Erskine, RG Vol-A p. 133.
[9] (i) RPARS for 1875-76, pp. 86 and 87; (ii) H.S. Munshi, MHIRM pp. 668, 667-78 and 690; (iii) V.N. Reu, Marwar-ka itihas, Vol. ii, p. 465.
[10] (i) RPARS, 1875-76 p. 87; (ii) H.S. Munshi MHIRM pp, 262, 773-24 and 727.
[11] Ibid. pp. 635-36 and 668.
[12] (i) RPARS 1881-82; (ii) T; (iii) For Dept. Pol. A Consultation No. 300 Sept. 1882 with Note; (iv) For. Pol. Dispatch No. 5 of 15th May, 1881.
[13] (i) RPARS, 1882-83, Para 20; (ii) H.S. Munshi, MHIRM p. 679.
[14] (i) V.N. Reu, Marwar-ka-itihas p. 679; (ii) H.S. Munshi, MHIRM P. 364.
[15] H.S. Munshi, MHIRM p. 670.
[16] Ibid. pp. 691-62; RPARS for 1882-83.
[17] H.S. Munshi, MHIRAM p. 698.
[18] (i) RPARS for 1883-84 p; (ii) H.S. Munshi, MHIRM p. 698-99; The Seven Sardars were the Thakurs of Pokran, Kuchaman, Nimbaj, Asop, Raipur, Khairwa and Riyan.
[19] (i) Ibid. pp. 699-700; (ii) RPARS for 1883-84; (iii) ARJ for 1884-85.
[20] Parash Raj Shah, Judicial Reorganszation in Marwar (1873-87), Proceedings of Rajasthan History Congress, 1967, pp. 148-157.
[21] (i) RPARS, 1883-84; (ii) K.D. Erskine, R.G. Vol. III-A; (iii) Akhtiyarat Hakimo kai; (iv) H.S. Munshi, MHIRM pp. 671, 685, 693, 694, 699, 671 and 724; (v)ARJ 1884-85 pp. 3-6 and 36; (vi) ARJ 1885-86 pp. 19-24 and 31.
[22] Foot note 11 Supra.
[23] H.S. Munshi, MHIRM pp. 635 and 636; K. D. Erskine, Raj. Gaz. p; RPARS for 1883-84 p. 30.
[24] ARJ, 1884-85 pp. 9 and 10; RPARS for 1883-84 p. 30.
[25] ARJ, 1884-85.
[26] ARJ, 1884-85 pp. 5 and 11; ARJ, 1886-87 pp. 70-77.
[27] (i) ARJ, 1884-85 p. 11 para 13; (ii) AR7, 1886-87 p. 70 para 234; (iii) ARJ, 1007-08 pp. 18-19.
[28] RPARS for 1867-68 pp. 18-19.
[29] No. 345 of For Dept. Int. A Pros. Oct. 1884, No. 345-349.
[30] No. 346 of Ibid.
[31] (i) For. Dept. Pol. A, Dec. 1882 Nos. 29-35; (ii) No. 345 of For Dept. Int. A Pros. Oct. 1884 No. 345-349; (iii) Keep withs of Ibid.
[32] 346 of Ibid para 6.
[33] Ibid paras. 7 and 8.
- [34] (i) Based on No. 347 of for Dept. Int. A Oct. 1884 No. 345-349; (ii) ARJ, 1884-85 pp. 12-14.
(iii) RPARS feb 1884-85 pp. 10-11 Par as 9-11; (iv) K.D. Erskine, Raj. Gaz. Vol. III-A p.157;
The Jagirdars placed in the first grade were those of Pokran, Auwa, Ahore, Asop, Chandawal, Kantalia. Raipur, Nimaj, Ras, Kuchaman, Rian, Ghanerao, Chanode, Jaola, Khairwa. Khinusar, Bagri and Khejarla.
In the Second grade were placed Rohat, Khinwara, Lambian, Agewa, Bhumlio Mindn, Bursu, Dodiana, Mithri, Bhadrajun, Ladnu, Dagoli, Sathin, Kanana, Samdari, Balunda, Jhalamand, Kalianpur.
The third grade were Harsolao, Bhainswada, Daspan, Bakro, Khudala, Palasni, Lavera, Kotri, Bagawas, Kurki, Bera, Sanderao ond Rakhi
[35] (i) ARJ, 1885-86 pp. 13 and 14; (ii) ARJ, 1907-08.
[36] The Seven officials were Mehta Bijaisingh (Dewan), Pt. Sheonarain (Pri- vate Secretary), Kaviraj Murard an (Appellate Judge), Mehta Amritlal (Civil Judge), Munshi Mohammed Makhdvm Baksh (Magistrate), Jivan and (Assistant Superintendent, Court of Sardars) and Munshi Hardial Singh Secretary to the Musahibala,auliaib has K.D. Erskine, Raj. Gaz. Vol. III-A p. 134; ARJ, 1904-05 p. 4 (iii) ARJ, 1908-09 pp. 18-19.
[37] ARJ, 1886-87 p. 50.
The five officials were Mehta Bijai Singh (Dewan), Pt. Sheonarain (Private Secretary), Kaviraj Murardkn (Appellate Judge), Munshi Mohammad Makhdum Bakhsh (Magistrate), Pt. Jiwan and (Asst. Superintendent Court of Sardars) and Munshi Hardial Singh (Secretary to the Musahibala).
[38] ARJ, 1907-08, p. 19; K.D. Erskine, Raj. Gaz, Vol. III-App. 134-135.
[39] ARJ, 1886-87 pp. 62-63.
[40] Ibid. P. D.
